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the three branches of government

  • 1 the three branches of government

    Pol. les trois pouvoirs [exécutif, législatif et judiciaire]

    English-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > the three branches of government

  • 2 principles that govern the balance between the three branches of government

    Jur. principes qui régissent l'équilibre entre les pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et judiciaire

    English-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > principles that govern the balance between the three branches of government

  • 3 macht

    1 [gezag] power ⇒ force
    2 [persoon, zaak, instantie] power ⇒ authority
    3 [vermogen om iets te doen] power ⇒ force
    4 [invloed] power
    5 [mogendheid] power
    6 [wiskunde, meetkunde] power
    7 [kracht] power
    8 [leger, troepen, ook in samenstellingen] force(s)
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   macht der gewoonte • force of habit
         de gevestigde macht • the Establishment
         uit de ouderlijke macht ontzet worden • be deprived of parental rights
         (naar) de macht grijpen • (attempt to) seize power
         veel macht hebben • have a lot of/great power
         de macht in handen hebben/krijgen/nemen • have/get/take power; 〈 nemen ook〉 assume power/control
         de macht ligt bij het volk • the power rests with the people
         de macht aan iemand overdragen • hand over power to someone
         de macht overnemen • assume power
         aan de macht komen/zijn/brengen • come into/be in/bring to power
         iemand in zijn macht hebben • have someone in one's power
         geen macht hebben over iemand • have no power/control over someone
         de macht over het stuur verliezen • lose control of the wheel
    2   boze machten • forces of evil
         een hogere macht • a higher power
         de openbare macht • the public authorities
         rechterlijke macht • the judicial branch, the judiciary
         de uitvoerende/wetgevende macht • the executive/legislative branch
         de wereldlijke/kerkelijke macht • the secular/ecclesiastical authorities/power(s)
         de drie machten in een staat • the three branches of government
         de vierde macht • the bureaucracy
    3   militaire macht • military force
         de macht hebben om … • have the power to …
         iemand de macht verlenen om iets te doen • authorize someone to do something
         (niet) bij machte zijn om … • (not) be able/in a position to …
         dat gaat boven mijn macht • that is beyond my power
         met/uit alle macht • with all one's strength
    4   helemaal in iemands macht zijn • be completely in someone's sway/power
    6   3 tot de macht 3 • 3 to the power of 3/to the third power
         een getal tot de vierde macht verheffen • raise a number to the fourth power
    8   een gewapende macht • an armed force

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > macht

  • 4 principes qui régissent l'équilibre entre les pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et judiciaire

    principles that govern the balance between the three branches of government

    Dictionnaire juridique, politique, économique et financier > principes qui régissent l'équilibre entre les pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et judiciaire

  • 5 Drei-Elementen-Lehre

    Drei-Elementen-Lehre f doctrine of the three branches of government (judiciary, executive, legislature)

    German-english law dictionary > Drei-Elementen-Lehre

  • 6 de drie machten in een staat

    de drie machten in een staat

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > de drie machten in een staat

  • 7 branch

    1. noun
    1) (an arm-like part of a tree: He cut some branches off the oak tree.) rama
    2) (an offshoot from the main part (of a business, railway etc): There isn't a branch of that store in this town; (also adjective) That train runs on the branch line.) sucursal

    2. verb
    ((usually with out/off) to spread out like, or into, a branch or branches: The road to the coast branches off here.) ramificarse
    1. rama
    2. sucursal / oficina
    tr[brɑːnʧ]
    1 (tree) rama
    3 (road, railway) ramal nombre masculino; (stream, river) brazo
    4 (of shop) sucursal nombre femenino; (of bank) oficina, sucursal nombre femenino
    1 (road) bifurcarse
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    branch ['brænʧ] vi
    1) : echar ramas (dícese de una planta)
    2) diverge: ramificarse, separarse
    1) : rama f (de una planta)
    2) extension: ramal m (de un camino, un ferrocarril, un río), rama f (de una familia o un campo de estudiar), sucursal f (de una empresa), agencia f (del gobierno)
    n.
    (§ pl.: branches) = sucursal s.m. (River)
    n.
    (§ pl.: branches) = tributario s.m.
    adj.
    • ramificar adj.
    • sucursal adj.
    n.
    (§ pl.: branches) = bifurcación s.f.
    • brazo s.m.
    • departamento s.m.
    • facultad s.m.
    • rama s.f.
    • ramal s.m.
    • ramo s.m.
    v.
    • bifurcar (Teléfono) v.
    • bifurcarse v.
    • ramificar v.
    • ramificarse v.
    • separarse v.

    I bræntʃ, brɑːntʃ
    noun ( of tree) rama f; (of river, road, railway) ramal m; (of family, field of study) rama f; ( of computer program) bifurcación f, ramificación f; (of company, bank) sucursal f

    II
    intransitive verb \<\<river/family\>\> ramificarse*; \<\<road\>\> bifurcarse*
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [brɑːntʃ]
    1. N
    1) [of tree] rama f ; (fig) [of science] rama f ; [of government, police] sección f ; [of industry] ramo m
    2) (Comm) [of company, bank] sucursal f
    3) (in road, railway, pipe) ramal m
    4) [of river] brazo m ; (US) [of stream] arroyo m
    5) [of family] rama f
    2.
    VI [road etc] bifurcarse
    3.
    CPD

    branch line N — (Rail) ramal m, línea f secundaria

    branch manager N — director(a) m / f de sucursal

    * * *

    I [bræntʃ, brɑːntʃ]
    noun ( of tree) rama f; (of river, road, railway) ramal m; (of family, field of study) rama f; ( of computer program) bifurcación f, ramificación f; (of company, bank) sucursal f

    II
    intransitive verb \<\<river/family\>\> ramificarse*; \<\<road\>\> bifurcarse*
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > branch

  • 8 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 9 on

    1.
    [ɒn]preposition
    1) (position) auf (+ Dat.); (direction) auf (+ Akk.); (attached to) an (+ Dat./Akk.)

    put something on the table — etwas auf den Tisch legen od. stellen

    be on the table — auf dem Tisch sein

    write something on the wall — etwas an die Wand schreiben

    be hanging on the wall — an der Wand hängen

    on the bus/train — im Bus/Zug; (by bus/train) mit dem Bus/Zug

    be on the board/committee — im Vorstand/Ausschuss sein

    2) (with basis, motive, etc. of)

    on the evidence — aufgrund des Beweismaterials

    on the assumption/hypothesis that... — angenommen,...

    3) in expressions of time an [einem Abend, Tag usw.]

    it's just on nine — es ist gerade neun

    on [his] arrival — bei seiner Ankunft

    on entering the room... — beim Betreten des Zimmers...

    on time or schedule — pünktlich

    4) expr. state etc

    the drinks are on me — (coll.) die Getränke gehen auf mich

    be on £20,000 a year — 20 000 Pfund im Jahr kriegen od. haben

    5) (concerning, about) über (+ Akk.)
    2. adverb
    1)

    with/without a hat/coat on — mit/ohne Hut/Mantel

    boil something with/without the lid on — etwas in geschlossenem/offenem Topf kochen

    2) (in some direction)
    3) (switched or turned on)

    the light/radio etc. is on — das Licht/Radio usw. ist an

    5) (being performed)

    what's on at the cinema? — was gibt es od. was läuft im Kino?

    6) (on duty)

    come/be on — seinen Dienst antreten/Dienst haben

    7)

    something is on (feasible) /not on — etwas ist möglich/ausgeschlossen

    you're on! — (coll.): (I agree) abgemacht!; (making bet) die Wette gilt!

    be on about somebody/something — (coll.) [dauernd] über jemanden/etwas sprechen

    what is he on about? — was will er [sagen]?

    be on at/keep on and on at somebody — (coll.) jemandem in den Ohren/dauernd in den Ohren liegen (ugs.)

    on to, onto — auf (+ Akk.)

    be on to something — (have discovered something) etwas ausfindig gemacht haben. See also academic.ru/62377/right">right 4. 4)

    * * *
    [on] 1. preposition
    1) (touching, fixed to, covering etc the upper or outer side of: The book was lying on the table; He was standing on the floor; She wore a hat on her head.) auf, in
    2) (in or into (a vehicle, train etc): We were sitting on the bus; I got on the wrong bus.) in
    3) (at or during a certain day, time etc: on Monday; On his arrival, he went straight to bed.) an, bei
    4) (about: a book on the theatre.) über
    5) (in the state or process of: He's on holiday.) in
    6) (supported by: She was standing on one leg.) auf
    7) (receiving, taking: on drugs; on a diet.) auf
    8) (taking part in: He is on the committee; Which detective is working on this case?) in, an
    9) (towards: They marched on the town.) zu
    10) (near or beside: a shop on the main road.) an
    11) (by means of: He played a tune on the violin; I spoke to him on the telephone.) auf, an
    12) (being carried by: The thief had the stolen jewels on him.) mit
    13) (when (something is, or has been, done): On investigation, there proved to be no need to panic.) als
    14) (followed by: disaster on disaster.) auf
    2. adverb
    1) ((especially of something being worn) so as to be touching, fixed to, covering etc the upper or outer side of: She put her hat on.) auf
    2) (used to show a continuing state etc, onwards: She kept on asking questions; They moved on.) weiter
    3) (( also adjective) (of electric light, machines etc) working: The television is on; Turn/Switch the light on.) an
    4) (( also adjective) (of films etc) able to be seen: There's a good film on at the cinema this week.) hinein
    5) (( also adjective) in or into a vehicle, train etc: The bus stopped and we got on.) im Gange
    3. adjective
    1) (in progress: The game was on.) stattfinden
    2) (not cancelled: Is the party on tonight?) stattfinden
    •
    - oncoming
    - ongoing
    - onwards
    - onward
    - be on to someone
    - be on to
    - on and on
    - on time
    - on to / onto
    * * *
    on
    [ɒn, AM ɑ:n]
    I. prep
    1. (on top of) auf + dat
    there are many books \on my desk auf meinem Tisch sind viele Bücher
    look at that cat \on the chair! schau dir die Katze auf dem Stuhl an!
    \on top of sth [ganz] oben auf etw dat
    2. with verbs of motion (onto) auf + akk
    put the pot \on the table! stell den Topf auf den Tisch!
    he had to walk out \on the roof er musste auf das Dach hinauf
    she hung their washing \on the line to dry sie hängte ihre Wäsche zum Trocknen auf die Leine
    let's hang a picture \on the wall lass uns ein Bild an die Wand hängen
    to get \on a horse auf ein Pferd aufsteigen, aufsitzen
    3. (situated on) an + dat
    , auf + dat
    our house is \on Sturton Street unser Haus ist in der Sturton Street
    they lay \on the beach sie lagen am Strand
    the town is \on the island die Stadt ist auf der Insel
    her new house is \on the river ihr neues Haus liegt am Fluss
    \on the balcony/her estate auf dem Balkon/ihrem Gut
    \on the border an der Grenze
    the shop \on the corner der Laden an der Ecke
    \on the hill/mountain auf dem Hügel/Berg
    \on the left/right auf der linken/rechten Seite
    \on platform three auf Bahnsteig [o SCHWEIZ Perron] drei m o nt
    \on track two an Gleis zwei
    4. (from) an + dat
    several bird houses hung \on the branches an den Ästen hingen mehrere Nistkästen
    a huge chandelier hung \on the ceiling ein großer Kronleuchter hing von der Decke herab
    5. (clothing) an + dat
    with shoes \on his feet mit Schuhen an den Füßen
    the wedding ring \on the ring finger der Ehering am Ringfinger
    6. (hurt by) an + dat
    I hit my head \on the shelf ich habe mir den Kopf am Regal angestoßen
    she tripped \on the wire sie blieb an dem Kabel hängen
    he cut his foot \on some glass er hat sich den Fuß an einer Glasscherbe verletzt
    to stumble \on sth über etw akk stolpern
    7. (supported by a part of the body) auf + dat
    to lie \on one's back auf dem Rücken liegen
    to stand \on one's head auf dem Kopf stehen
    8. (in possession of) bei + dat
    to have sth \on one etw bei sich dat haben
    I thought I had my driver's licence \on me ich dachte, ich hätte meinen Führerschein dabei
    have you got a spare cigarette \on you? hast du eine Zigarette für mich übrig?
    9. (marking surface of) auf + dat
    how did you get that blood \on your shirt? wie kommt das Blut auf Ihr Hemd?
    he had a scratch \on his arm er hatte einen Kratzer am Arm
    there was a smile \on her face ein Lächeln lag auf ihrem Gesicht
    10. (about) über + akk
    a documentary \on volcanoes ein Dokumentarfilm über Vulkane
    he needs some advice \on how to dress er braucht ein paar Tipps, wie er sich anziehen soll
    essays \on a wide range of issues Aufsätze zu einer Vielzahl von Themen
    he commented \on the allegations er nahm Stellung zu den Vorwürfen
    he advised her \on her taxes er beriet sie [o gab ihr Ratschläge] in Sachen Steuern
    I'll say more \on that subject later ich werde später mehr dazu sagen
    they settled \on a price sie einigten sich auf einen Preis
    to congratulate sb \on sth jdn zu etw dat gratulieren
    to frown \on sth etw missbilligen
    to have something/anything \on sb etw gegen jdn in der Hand haben
    do the police have anything \on you? hat die Polizei etwas Belastendes gegen dich in der Hand?
    11. (based on) auf + akk... hin
    he reacted \on a hunch er reagierte auf ein Ahnung hin
    he quit his job \on the principle that he did not want to work for an oil company er kündigte seine Stelle, weil er nicht für eine Ölgesellschaft arbeiten wollte
    \on account of wegen + gen
    they cancelled all flights \on account of the bad weather sie sagten alle Flüge wegen des schlechten Wetters ab
    \on purpose mit Absicht, absichtlich
    dependent/reliant \on sb/sth abhängig von jdm/etw
    to be based \on sth auf etw dat basieren
    to be based \on the ideas of freedom and equality auf den Ideen von Freiheit und Gleichheit basieren
    to rely \on sb sich akk auf jdn verlassen
    12. (as member of) in + dat
    how many people are \on your staff? wie viele Mitarbeiter haben Sie?
    have you ever served \on a jury? warst du schon einmal Mitglied in einer Jury?
    whose side are you \on in this argument? auf welcher Seite stehst du in diesem Streit?
    a writer \on a women's magazine eine Autorin bei einer Frauenzeitschrift
    13. (against) auf + akk
    the dog turned \on its own master der Hund ging auf seinen eigenes Herrchen los
    the gangsters pulled a gun \on him die Gangster zielten mit der Pistole auf ihn
    thousands were marching \on Cologne Tausenden marschierten auf Köln zu
    don't be so hard \on him! sei nicht so streng mit ihm!
    criticism has no effect \on him Kritik kann ihm nichts anhaben
    he didn't know it but the joke was \on him er wusste nicht, dass es ein Witz über ihn war
    two air raids \on Munich zwei Luftangriffe auf München
    they placed certain restrictions \on large companies großen Unternehmen wurden bestimmte Beschränkungen auferlegt
    there is a new ban \on the drug die Droge wurde erneut verboten
    to place a limit \on sth etw begrenzen
    to force one's will \on sb jdm seinen Willen aufzwingen
    to cheat \on sb jdn betrügen
    14. (through device of) an + dat
    he's \on the phone er ist am Telefon
    she weaved the cloth \on the loom sie webte das Tuch auf dem Webstuhl
    Chris is \on drums Chris ist am Schlagzeug
    we work \on flexitime wir arbeiten Gleitzeit
    \on the piano am Klavier
    15. (through medium of) auf + dat
    I'd like to see that offer \on paper ich hätte dieses Angebot gerne schriftlich
    I saw myself \on film ich sah mich selbst im Film
    what's \on TV tonight? was kommt heute Abend im Fernsehen?
    do you like the jazz \on radio? gefällt dir der Jazz im Radio?
    I heard the story \on the news today ich habe die Geschichte heute in den Nachrichten gehört
    a 10-part series \on Channel 3 eine zehnteilige Serie im 3. Programm
    to be available \on cassette auf Kassette erhältlich sein
    to store sth \on the computer etw im Computer speichern
    to put sth down \on paper etw aufschreiben [o BRD, ÖSTERR zu Papier bringen]
    to come out \on video als Video herauskommen
    16. (in the course of) auf + dat
    \on the way to town auf dem Weg in die Stadt
    17. (travelling with) in + dat
    , mit + dat
    I love travelling \on buses/trains ich fahre gerne mit Bussen/Zügen
    we went to France \on the ferry wir fuhren mit der Fähre nach Frankreich
    he got some sleep \on the plane er konnte im Flugzeug ein wenig schlafen
    \on foot/horseback zu Fuß/auf dem Pferd
    18. (on day of) an + dat
    many shops don't open \on Sundays viele Läden haben an Sonntagen geschlossen
    what are you doing \on Friday? was machst du am Freitag?
    we always go bowling \on Thursdays wir gehen donnerstags immer kegeln
    my birthday's \on the 30th of May ich habe am 30. Mai Geburtstag
    \on a very hot evening in July an einem sehr heißen Abend im Juli
    \on Saturday morning/Wednesday evening am Samstagvormittag/Mittwochabend
    19. (at time of) bei + dat
    \on his brother's death beim Tod seines Bruders
    \on the count of three, start running! bei drei lauft ihr los!
    trains to London leave \on the hour every hour die Züge nach London fahren jeweils zur vollen Stunde
    the professor entered the room at 1:00 \on the minute der Professor betrat den Raum auf die Minute genau um 13.00 Uhr
    \on receiving her letter als ich ihren Brief erhielt
    \on arriving at the station bei der Ankunft im Bahnhof
    \on arrival/departure bei der Ankunft/Abreise
    \on the dot [auf die Sekunde] pünktlich
    to be finished \on schedule planmäßig fertig werden
    20. (engaged in) bei + dat
    we were \on page 42 wir waren auf Seite 42
    he was out \on errands er machte ein paar Besorgungen
    we made a big profit \on that deal wir haben bei diesem Geschäft gut verdient
    \on business geschäftlich, beruflich
    to work \on sth an etw dat arbeiten
    21. (regularly taking)
    ▪ to be \on sth etw nehmen
    my doctor put me \on antibiotics mein Arzt setzte mich auf Antibiotika
    he lived \on berries and roots er lebte von Beeren und Wurzeln
    Richard lives \on a diet of junk food Richard ernährt sich ausschließlich von Junkfood
    to be \on drugs unter Drogen stehen, Drogen nehmen
    to be \on medication Medikamente einnehmen
    22. (paid by) auf + dat; BRIT
    she wants it done \on the National Health Service sie möchte, dass die gesetzliche Krankenkasse die Kosten übernimmt
    this meal is \on me das Essen bezahle ich
    the drinks are \on me die Getränke gebe ich aus
    to buy sth \on credit/hire purchase etw auf Kredit/Raten kaufen
    23. (sustained by) mit + dat
    , von + dat
    does this radio run \on batteries? läuft dieses Radio mit Batterien?
    I've only got £50 a week to live \on ich lebe von nur 50 Pfund pro Woche
    they are living \on their savings sie leben von ihren Ersparnissen
    to go \on the dole stempeln gehen
    to live \on welfare von Sozialhilfe leben
    24. (as payment for) für + akk
    I've wasted a lot of money \on this car ich habe für dieses Auto eine Menge Geld ausgegeben
    how much interest are you paying \on the loan? wie viel Zinsen zahlst du für diesen Kredit?
    25. (added to) zusätzlich zu + dat
    a few pence \on the electricity bill ein paar Pfennige mehr bei der Stromrechnung
    26. (connected to) an + dat
    dogs should be kept \on their leads Hunde sollten an der Leine geführt werden
    to be \on the phone AUS, BRIT ans Telefonnetz angeschlossen sein, telefonisch erreichbar sein
    we've just moved and we're not \on the phone yet wir sind gerade umgezogen und haben noch kein Telefon
    27. (according to) auf + dat
    \on the agenda/list auf der Tagesordnung/Liste
    \on the whole im Ganzen, insgesamt
    \on the whole, it was a good year alles in allem war es ein gutes Jahr
    28. (burdening) auf + dat
    it's been \on my mind ich muss immer daran denken
    she had something \on her heart sie hatte etwas auf dem Herzen
    that lie has been \on his conscience diese Lüge lastete auf seinem Gewissen
    this is \on your shoulders das liegt in deiner Hand, die Verantwortung liegt bei dir
    the future of the company is \on your shoulders du hast die Verantwortung für die Zukunft der Firma
    crime is \on the increase again die Verbrechen nehmen wieder zu
    I'll be away \on a training course ich mache demnächst einen Ausbildungslehrgang
    he's out \on a date with a woman er hat gerade eine Verabredung mit einer Frau
    I was \on a long journey ich habe eine lange Reise gemacht
    we're going \on vacation in two weeks wir fahren in zwei Wochen in Urlaub
    to set sth \on fire etw anzünden
    to be \on the go BRIT ( fig) auf Trab sein
    did you know that she's got a new book \on the go? hast du gewusst, dass sie gerade ein neues Buch schreibt?
    to be \on strike streiken
    I can't improve \on my final offer dieses Angebot ist mein letztes Wort
    sales are up \on last year der Umsatz ist höher als im letzten Jahr
    to have nothing [or not have anything] \on sth kein Vergleich mit etw dat sein
    my new bike has nothing \on the one that was stolen mein neues Fahrrad ist bei Weitem nicht so gut wie das, das mir gestohlen wurde
    31. (by chance)
    ▪ \on sb ohne jds Verschulden
    she was really worried when the phone went dead \on her sie machte sich richtig Sorgen, als das Telefon ausfiel, ohne dass sie etwas getan hatte
    the fire went out \on me das Feuer ist mir einfach ausgegangen
    to chance \on sb jdn [zufällig] treffen, jdm [zufällig] begegnen
    32. after n (following)
    the government suffered defeat \on defeat die Regierung erlitt eine Niederlage nach der anderen
    wave \on wave of refugees has crossed the border immer neue Flüchtlingswellen strömten über die Grenze
    33. AUS, BRIT SPORT (having points of)
    Clive's team is \on five points while Joan's is \on seven das Team von Clive hat fünf Punkte, das von Joan hat sieben
    34.
    ▶ to be \on sth BRIT, AUS etw verdienen
    ▶ \on the board in Planung
    ▶ to have time \on one's hands noch genug Zeit haben
    ▶ to be \on it AUS ( fam) sich akk volllaufen lassen fam, sich dat die Kanne geben BRD fam
    ▶ what are you \on? ( fam) bist du noch bei Sinnen? fam
    II. adv inv
    1. (in contact with) auf
    make sure the lid's \on properly pass auf, dass der Deckel richtig zu ist
    they sewed the man's ear back \on sie haben das Ohr des Mannes wieder angenäht
    to screw sth \on etw anschrauben
    I wish you wouldn't screw the lid \on so tightly schraube den Deckel bitte nicht immer so fest
    2. (on body) an
    put a jumper \on! zieh einen Pullover drüber!
    get your shoes \on! zieh dir die Schuhe an!
    to put clothes \on Kleider anziehen [o SCHWEIZ anlegen] fam
    to have/try sth \on etw anhaben/anprobieren
    with nothing \on nackt
    3. (indicating continuance) weiter
    to get \on with sth mit etw dat weitermachen
    to keep \on doing sth etw weitermachen
    if the phone's engaged, keep \on trying! wenn besetzt ist, probier es weiter!
    \on and \on immer weiter
    the noise just went \on and \on der Lärm hörte gar nicht mehr auf
    he talked \on and \on er redete pausenlos
    4. (in forward direction) vorwärts
    would you pass it \on to Paul? würdest du es an Paul weitergeben?
    time's getting \on die Zeit vergeht
    from that day \on von diesem Tag an
    they never spoke to each other from that day \on seit diesem Tag haben sie kein Wort mehr miteinander gewechselt
    later \on später
    what are you doing later \on? was hast du nachher vor?
    to move \on (move forward) weitergehen; (transfer to another place) umziehen
    to urge sb \on jdn anspornen
    I'd never have managed this if my friend hadn't urged me \on ich hätte das nie geschafft, wenn mein Freund mich nicht dazu gedrängt hätte
    5. (being shown)
    ▪ to be \on auf dem Programm stehen
    are there any good films \on at the cinema this week? laufen in dieser Woche irgendwelche guten Filme im Kino?
    what's \on at the festival? was ist für das Festival geplant?
    there's a good film \on this afternoon heute Nachmittag kommt ein guter Film
    6. (scheduled) geplant
    is the party still \on for tomorrow? ist die Party noch für morgen geplant?
    I've got nothing \on next week ich habe nächste Woche nichts vor
    I've got a lot \on this week ich habe mir für diese Woche eine Menge vorgenommen
    7. (functioning) an
    the brakes are \on die Bremsen sind angezogen
    is the central heating \on? ist die Zentralheizung an?
    to put the kettle \on das Wasser aufsetzen
    to leave the light \on das Licht anlassen
    to switch/turn sth \on etw einschalten
    could you switch \on the radio? könntest du das Radio anmachen?
    8. (aboard)
    the horse galloped off as soon as she was \on kaum war sie aufgesessen, da galoppierte das Pferd schon los
    to get \on bus, train einsteigen; horse aufsitzen
    9. (due to perform)
    you're \on! du bist dran!
    10.
    ▪ to be \on employee Dienst haben, im Dienst sein; actor auf der Bühne stehen, spielen
    11. AM (performing well)
    ▪ to be \on gut drauf sein fam
    12.
    ▶ to be \on about sth AUS, BRIT dauernd über etw akk reden
    what are you \on about? wovon redest du denn nun schon wieder?
    he knows what he's \on about er weiß, wovon er redet
    I never understand what she's \on about ich verstehe nie, wovon sie es hat fam
    ▶ to be [or get] \on at sb jdm in den Ohren liegen
    she's still \on at me to get my hair cut sie drängt mich dauernd, mir die Haare schneiden zu lassen
    ▶ to be \on AM aufpassen
    ▶ to hang \on warten
    ▶ head \on frontal
    ▶ that's not \on BRIT, AUS ( fam) das ist nicht in Ordnung
    ▶ \on and off, off and \on hin und wieder, ab und zu
    ▶ side [or sideways] \on AUS, BRIT seitlich
    the bike hit our car side \on das Rad prallte von der Seite auf unser Auto
    ▶ to be \on to something ( fam) etw spitzgekriegt haben fam
    ▶ to be \on to sb ( fam) jds Absichten durchschauen
    ▶ this way \on AUS, BRIT auf diese Weise
    ▶ to be well \on spät sein
    ▶ to be well \on in years nicht mehr der Jüngste sein
    ▶ you're \on! einverstanden!, abgemacht! fam
    III. adj inv, attr
    1. AM (good) gut
    this seems to be one of her \on days es scheint einer von ihren guten Tagen zu sein
    2. ELEC, TECH
    \on switch Einschalter m
    * * *
    [ɒn]
    1. PREPOSITION
    When on is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg live on, lecture on, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg on the right, on request, on occasion, look up the other word.
    1) indicating place, position auf (+dat); (with vb of motion) auf (+acc); (on vertical surface, part of body) an (+dat); (with vb of motion) an (+acc)

    he hung it on the wall/nail — er hängte es an die Wand/den Nagel

    a house on the coast/main road — ein Haus am Meer/an der Hauptstraße

    he hit his head on the table/on the ground — er hat sich (dat) den Kopf am Tisch/auf dem or am Boden angeschlagen

    on TV/the radio — im Fernsehen/Radio

    2)

    = by means of, using we went on the train/bus — wir fuhren mit dem Zug/Bus

    on foot/horseback — zu Fuß/Pferd

    3) = about, concerning über (+acc)

    stars visible on clear nights — Sterne, die in klaren Nächten sichtbar sind

    5)

    = earning, getting I'm on £18,000 a year — ich bekomme £ 18.000 im Jahr

    6) = at the time of bei (+dat)

    on hearing this he left — als er das hörte, ging er

    7) = as a result of auf... (acc) hin

    he is on the committee/the board — er gehört dem Ausschuss/Vorstand an, er sitzt im Ausschuss/Vorstand

    he is on the "Evening News" — er ist bei der "Evening News"

    9)

    = doing to be on a course (Sch, Univ) — an einem Kurs teilnehmen

    10)

    = at the expense of this round is on me — diese Runde geht auf meine Kosten

    have it on me — das spendiere ich (dir), ich gebe (dir) das aus

    See:
    → house
    11) = compared with im Vergleich zu

    prices are up on last year( 's) — im Vergleich zum letzten Jahr sind die Preise gestiegen

    12)

    = taking to be on drugs/the pill — Drogen/die Pille nehmen

    13)

    indicating repetition he made mistake on mistake — er machte einen Fehler nach dem anderen

    14)

    musical instrument he played (it) on the violin/trumpet — er spielte (es) auf der Geige/Trompete

    on drums/piano — am Schlagzeug/Klavier

    Roland Kirk on tenor sax — Roland Kirk, Tenorsaxofon

    15) = according to nach (+dat)

    on your theory — Ihrer Theorie nach or zufolge, nach Ihrer Theorie

    2. ADVERB
    1)

    = in place, covering he screwed the lid on — er schraubte den Deckel drauf

    she had nothing on —

    2)

    indicating position put it this way on — stellen/legen Sie es so herum (darauf)

    3)

    indicating forward movement move on! — gehen Sie weiter!, weitergehen!

    4)

    indicating time from now on — von jetzt an

    it was well on in the night — es war zu vorgerückter Stunde, es war spät in der Nacht

    5)

    indicating continuation to keep on talking — immer weiterreden, in einem fort reden

    6)

    set structures __diams; on and on they talked on and on — sie redeten und redeten, sie redeten unentwegt

    he's always on at me — er hackt dauernd auf mir herum, er meckert dauernd an mir herum (inf)

    he's always on at me to get my hair cut — er liegt mir dauernd in den Ohren, dass ich mir die Haare schneiden lassen soll

    what's he on about? —

    he knows what he's on about — er weiß, wovon er redet

    3. ADJECTIVE
    1) = switched on, functioning lights, TV, radio an; brake angezogen; electricity, gas an(gestellt)

    the "on" switch — der Einschalter

    in the "on" position —

    2) = in place lid, cover drauf

    his hat/tie was on crookedly — sein Hut saß/sein Schlips hing schief

    his hat/coat was already on — er hatte den Hut schon auf/den Mantel schon an

    3)

    = taking place there's a tennis match on at the moment — ein Tennismatch ist gerade im Gang

    what's on in London? —

    4)

    = being performed, performing to be on (in theatre, cinema) — gegeben or gezeigt werden; (on TV, radio) gesendet or gezeigt werden

    who's on tonight? (Theat, Film) — wer spielt heute Abend?, wer tritt heute Abend auf?; (TV) wer kommt heute Abend (im Fernsehen)?

    you're on now (Theat, Rad, TV) — Ihr Auftritt!, Sie sind (jetzt) dran (inf)

    tell me when the English team is on — sagen Sie mir, wenn die englische Mannschaft dran ist or drankommt

    5)

    indicating agreement, acceptability to be on (bet, agreement) — gelten

    you're on! —

    are you on? ( inf = are you with us ) —,, machst du mit?

    you're/he's not on ( Brit inf ) — das ist nicht drin (inf)

    * * *
    on [ɒn; US auch ɑn]
    A präp
    1. meist auf (dat oder akk) ( siehe die mit on verbundenen Wörter)
    2. (getragen von) auf (dat), an (dat), in (dat):
    the scar on his face die Narbe in seinem Gesicht;
    a ring on one’s finger ein Ring am Finger;
    have you got a lighter on you? haben Sie ein Feuerzeug bei sich?;
    find sth on sb etwas bei jemandem finden
    4. (Richtung, Ziel) auf (akk) … (hin), an (akk), zu:
    a blow on the chin ein Schlag ans Kinn;
    drop sth on the floor etwas auf den Fußboden oder zu Boden fallen lassen;
    hang sth on a peg etwas an einen Haken hängen
    5. fig (auf der Grundlage von) auf (akk) … (hin):
    based on facts auf Tatsachen begründet;
    live on air von (der) Luft leben;
    this car runs on petrol dieser Wagen fährt mit Benzin;
    a scholar on a foundation ein Stipendiat (einer Stiftung);
    borrow on jewels sich auf Schmuck(stücke) Geld borgen;
    a duty on silk (ein) Zoll auf Seide;
    interest on one’s capital Zinsen auf sein Kapital
    6. (aufeinanderfolgend) auf (akk), über (akk), nach:
    loss on loss Verlust auf oder über Verlust, ein Verlust nach dem andern;
    be on one’s second glass bei seinem zweiten Glas sein
    7. (gehörig) zu, (beschäftigt) bei, in (dat), an (dat):
    be on a committee (the jury, the general staff) zu einem Ausschuss (zu den Geschworenen, zum Generalstab) gehören;
    be on the “Daily Mail” bei der „Daily Mail“ (beschäftigt) sein
    8. (Zustand) in (dat), auf (dat):
    be on sth etwas (ein Medikament etc) (ständig) nehmen;
    be on pills tablettenabhängig oder -süchtig sein
    9. (gerichtet) auf (akk):
    a joke on me ein Spaß auf meine Kosten;
    shut (open) the door on sb jemandem die Tür verschließen (öffnen);
    the strain tells severely on him die Anstrengung nimmt ihn sichtlich mit;
    it’s on me umg das geht auf meine Rechnung, das zahle ich, (im Lokal auch) du bist eingeladen;
    a) jemandem nichts voraus haben,
    b) jemandem nichts anhaben können;
    have sth on sb umg eine Handhabe gegen jemanden haben, etwas Belastendes über jemanden wissen
    10. (Thema) über (akk):
    an agreement (a lecture, an opinion) on sth;
    11. (Zeitpunkt) an (dat):
    on Sunday, on the 1st of April, on April 1st;
    on or after April 1st ab oder mit Wirkung vom 1. April;
    on or before April 1st bis zum oder bis spätestens am 1. April;
    on being asked als ich etc (danach) gefragt wurde
    12. nachdem:
    on leaving school, he … nachdem er die Schule verlassen hatte, …
    13. gegenüber, im Vergleich zu:
    losses were £100,000 down on the previous year
    B adv
    place ( screw, etc) on
    a) an…:
    b) auf…:
    keep one’s hat on
    talk ( walk, etc) on;
    and so on und so weiter;
    on and on immer weiter;
    a) ab und zu,
    b) ab und an, mit Unterbrechungen;
    from that day on von dem Tage an;
    on with the show! weiter im Programm!;
    on to … auf (akk) … (hinauf oder hinaus)
    C adj präd
    a) im Gange sein (Spiel etc), vor sich gehen:
    what’s on? was ist los?;
    what’s on in London? was ist in London los?, was tut sich in London?;
    have you anything on tomorrow? haben Sie morgen etwas vor?;
    that’s not on! das ist nicht drin! umg
    b) an sein umg (Licht, Radio, Wasser etc), an-, eingeschaltet sein, laufen, auf sein umg (Hahn):
    on - off TECH An - Aus;
    the light is on das Licht brennt oder ist an(geschaltet);
    the brakes are on die Bremsen sind angezogen;
    the race is on SPORT das Rennen ist gestartet;
    you are on! abgemacht!
    c) THEAT gegeben werden (Stück), laufen (Film), ( RADIO, TV) gesendet werden (Programm)
    d) d(a)ran (an der Reihe) sein
    e) (mit) dabei sein, mitmachen
    2. be on to umg etwas spitzgekriegt haben, über jemanden od etwas im Bilde sein
    3. umg be a bit on einen Schwips haben;
    be well on ganz schön blau sein
    4. he’s always on at me umg er bearbeitet mich ständig, er liegt mir dauernd in den Ohren ( beide:
    about wegen)
    * * *
    1.
    [ɒn]preposition
    1) (position) auf (+ Dat.); (direction) auf (+ Akk.); (attached to) an (+ Dat./Akk.)

    on the bus/train — im Bus/Zug; (by bus/train) mit dem Bus/Zug

    be on the board/committee — im Vorstand/Ausschuss sein

    2) (with basis, motive, etc. of)

    on the assumption/hypothesis that... — angenommen,...

    3) in expressions of time an [einem Abend, Tag usw.]

    on [his] arrival — bei seiner Ankunft

    on entering the room... — beim Betreten des Zimmers...

    on time or schedule — pünktlich

    4) expr. state etc

    the drinks are on me — (coll.) die Getränke gehen auf mich

    be on £20,000 a year — 20 000 Pfund im Jahr kriegen od. haben

    5) (concerning, about) über (+ Akk.)
    2. adverb
    1)

    with/without a hat/coat on — mit/ohne Hut/Mantel

    boil something with/without the lid on — etwas in geschlossenem/offenem Topf kochen

    the light/radio etc. is on — das Licht/Radio usw. ist an

    what's on at the cinema? — was gibt es od. was läuft im Kino?

    come/be on — seinen Dienst antreten/Dienst haben

    7)

    something is on (feasible) /not on — etwas ist möglich/ausgeschlossen

    you're on! — (coll.): (I agree) abgemacht!; (making bet) die Wette gilt!

    be on about somebody/something — (coll.) [dauernd] über jemanden/etwas sprechen

    what is he on about? — was will er [sagen]?

    be on at/keep on and on at somebody — (coll.) jemandem in den Ohren/dauernd in den Ohren liegen (ugs.)

    on to, onto — auf (+ Akk.)

    be on to something — (have discovered something) etwas ausfindig gemacht haben. See also right 4. 4)

    * * *
    adj.
    eingeschaltet adj.
    in adj. prep.
    an präp.
    auf präp.
    bei präp.
    über präp.

    English-german dictionary > on

  • 10 on

    [ɒn, Am ɑ:n] prep
    1) ( on top of) auf +dat with verbs of motion auf +akk;
    there are many books \on my desk auf meinem Tisch sind viele Bücher;
    he had to walk out \on the roof er musste auf das Dach raus;
    to get \on a horse auf ein Pferd aufsteigen [o aufsitzen];
    \on top of sth [ganz] oben auf etw dat;
    look at that cat \on the chair! schau dir die Katze auf dem Stuhl an!
    2) ( from) auf +dat with verbs of motion auf +akk;
    she hung their washing \on the line to dry sie hängte ihre Wäsche zum Trocknen auf die Leine;
    several bird houses hung \on the branches an den Ästen hingen mehrere Nistkästen;
    to hang a picture \on the wall ein Bild an die Wand hängen;
    a huge chandelier hung \on the ceiling ein großer Kronenleuchter hing von der Decke
    3) ( clothing) an +dat;
    with shoes \on your feet mit Schuhen an deinen Füßen;
    the wedding ring \on the ring finger der Hochzeitsring am Ringfinger
    4) ( in area of) an +dat, auf +dat;
    our house is \on Sturton Street unser Haus ist in der Sturton Street;
    \on the hill/ mountain auf dem Hügel/Berg;
    they lay \on the beach sie lagen am Strand;
    the town is \on the island die Stadt ist auf der Insel;
    her new house is \on the river ihr neues Haus liegt am Fluss;
    \on her estate auf ihrem Gut;
    on the border an der Grenze;
    \on the corner an der Ecke;
    they waited for their train \on platform three sie warteten auf Bahnsteig drei auf ihren Zug;
    \on track two an Gleis zwei;
    our house is the first \on the left unser Haus ist das erste auf der linken Seite;
    \on the balcony auf dem Balkon
    5) ( hurt by) an +dat;
    I hit my head \on the shelf ich stieß mir den Kopf am Regal an;
    she tripped \on the wire sie blieb an dem Kabel hängen;
    he cut his foot \on some glass er schnitt sich den Fuß an Glas auf
    6) ( supported by) auf +dat;
    to stand \on one's head auf dem Kopf stehen;
    he was lying \on his back er lag auf seinem Rücken
    7) ( in possession of) bei +dat;
    to have sth \on one etw bei sich dat haben;
    have you got a spare cigarette \on you? hast du noch eine Zigarette für mich?;
    I thought I had my driver's licence \on me ich dachte, ich hätte meinen Führerschein dabei
    8) ( marking surface of) auf +dat;
    how did you get that blood \on your shirt? wie kommt das Blut auf Ihr Hemd?;
    a scratch \on her arm ein Kratzer an ihrem Arm;
    a smile \on her face ein Lächeln in ihrem Gesicht
    9) ( about) über +akk;
    a debate \on the crisis eine Debatte über die Krise;
    to comment \on the allegations Vorwürfe kommentieren;
    he advised her \on her taxes er gab ihr Ratschläge für ihre Steuern;
    I'll say more \on that subject later ich werde später mehr dazu sagen after pron
    to have something/anything \on sb etw gegen jdn in der Hand haben;
    do the police have anything \on you? hat die Polizei etwas Belastendes gegen dich in der Hand? after n
    a documentary \on volcanoes ein Dokumentarfilm über Vulkane;
    he needs some advice \on how to dress er braucht ein paar Tipps, wie er sich anziehen soll;
    essays \on a wide range of issues Aufsätze zu einer Vielzahl von Themen
    10) ( based on) auf +akk... hin;
    he reacted \on a hunch er reagierte auf ein Ahnung hin;
    he swore \on his word er gab ihr sein Wort;
    \on account of sb/ sth wegen jdm/etw;
    they cancelled all flights \on account of the weather sie sagten alle Flüge wegen dem Wetter ab;
    \on purpose mit Absicht, absichtlich;
    dependent/reliant \on sb/ sth abhängig von jdm/etw;
    to be based \on sth auf etw dat basieren;
    to rely/depend \on sb sich akk auf jdn verlassen;
    he quit his job \on the principle that he did not want to work for an oil company er kündigte seine Stelle, weil er nicht für eine Ölgesellschaft arbeiten wollte;
    to be based \on the ideas of freedom and equality auf den Ideen von Freiheit und Gleichheit basieren
    11) ( as member of) in +dat;
    have you ever served \on a jury? warst du schon einmal Mitglied in einer Jury?;
    how many people are \on your staff? wie viele Mitarbeiter haben Sie?;
    whose side are you \on in this argument? auf welcher Seite stehst du in diesem Streit?;
    a writer \on a women's magazine eine Autorin bei einer Frauenzeitschrift;
    to work \on a farm auf einem Bauernhof arbeiten
    12) after vb ( against) auf +akk;
    the dog turned \on its own master der Hund ging auf seinen eigenes Herrchen los;
    the gangsters pulled a gun \on him die Gangster zielten mit der Pistole auf ihn;
    her eyes were fixed \on his dark profile sie fixiert mit ihren Augen sein düsteres Profil;
    to force one's will \on sb jdm seinen Willen aufzwingen after n
    the attack \on the village der Angriff auf das Dorf;
    they placed certain restrictions \on large companies großen Unternehmen wurden bestimmte Beschränkungen auferlegt;
    there is a new ban \on the drug die Droge wurde erneut verboten;
    to place a limit \on the number of items die Anzahl der Positionen begrenzen;
    he didn't know it but the joke was \on him er wusste nicht, dass es ein Witz über ihn war
    13) ( through device of) an +dat;
    he's \on the phone er ist am Telefon;
    they weaved the cloth \on the loom sie webte das Tuch auf dem Webstuhl;
    Chris is \on drums Chris ist am Schlagzeug;
    \on the piano auf dem [o am] Klavier;
    we work \on flexitime wir arbeiten Gleitzeit
    14) ( through medium of) auf +dat;
    which page is that curry recipe \on? auf welcher Seite ist das Curry-Rezept?;
    I'd like to see that offer \on paper ich hätte dieses Angebot gerne schriftlich;
    to edit sth \on the computer etw im [o auf dem] Computer bearbeiten;
    to be available \on cassette auf Kassette erhältlich sein;
    to come out \on video als Video herauskommen;
    I saw myself \on film ich sah mich selbst im Film;
    what's \on TV tonight? was kommt heute Abend im Fernsehen?;
    the jazz \on radio der Jazz im Radio;
    I heard the story \on the news today ich hörte die Geschichte heute in den Nachrichten
    15) ( during) auf +dat;
    \on the way to town auf dem Weg in die Stadt
    16) ( travelling with) in +dat;
    I love travelling \on buses/ trains ich reise gerne in Bussen/Zügen;
    we went to France \on the ferry wir fuhren auf der Fähre nach Frankreich;
    he got some sleep \on the plane er konnte im Flugzeug ein wenig schlafen;
    \on foot/ horseback zu Fuß/auf dem Pferd
    17) ( on day of) an +dat;
    many shops don't open \on Sundays viele Läden haben an Sonntagen geschlossen;
    what are you doing \on Friday? was machst du am Freitag?;
    we always go bowling \on Thursdays wir gehen donnerstags immer kegeln;
    my birthday's \on the 30th of May ich habe am 30. Mai Geburtstag;
    I'm free \on Saturday morning ich habe am Samstagvormittag nichts vor;
    I always go shopping \on Wednesday morning ich gehe jeden Mittwochvormittag einkaufen;
    \on a very hot evening in July an einem sehr heißen Abend im Juli
    18) ( at time of) bei +dat;
    \on his mother's death beim Tod seiner Mutter;
    \on your arrival/ departure bei Ihrer Ankunft/Abreise;
    \on the count of three, start running! bei drei lauft ihr los!;
    trains to London leave \on the hour every hour die Züge nach London fahren jeweils zur vollen Stunde;
    the professor entered the room at 1:00 \on the minute der Professor betrat den Raum auf die Minute genau um 13.00 Uhr;
    \on the dot [auf die Sekunde] pünktlich;
    \on receiving her letter als ich ihren Brief erhielt;
    \on arriving at the station bei der Ankunft im Bahnhof
    19) ( engaged in) bei +dat;
    we were on page 42 wir waren auf Seite 42;
    he was out \on errands er machte ein paar Besorgungen;
    \on business geschäftlich, beruflich;
    to work \on sth an etw dat arbeiten
    to be \on sth etw nehmen;
    to be \on drugs unter Drogen stehen, Drogen nehmen;
    my doctor put me \on antibiotics mein Arzt setzte mich auf Antibiotika;
    to be \on medication Medikamente einnehmen
    21) ( paid by) auf +dat;
    they bought that TV \on credit sie kauften diesen Fernseher auf Kredit;
    we bought the furniture \on time wir kauften die Möbel auf Raten;
    ( Brit)
    she wants it done \on the National Health Service sie möchte, das der National Health Service die Kosten übernimmt ( fam);
    this meal is \on me das Essen bezahle ich;
    the drinks are \on me die Getränke gehen auf meine Rechnung
    22) ( added to) zusätzlich zu +dat;
    a few pence \on the electricity bill ein paar Pfennige mehr bei der Stromrechnung
    23) ( connected to) an +dat;
    dogs should be kept \on their leads Hunde sollten an der Leine geführt werden;
    \on the phone (Aus, Brit) telefonisch [o am Telefon] erreichbar;
    we've just moved and we're not \on the phone yet wir sind gerade umgezogen und haben noch kein Telefon
    24) ( according to) auf +dat;
    \on the list auf der Liste;
    a point \on the agenda ein Punkt auf der Tagesordnung;
    to be finished \on schedule planmäßig fertig werden;
    \on the whole im Ganzen, insgesamt;
    \on the whole, it was a good year alles in allem war es ein gutes Jahr
    25) ( burdening) auf +dat;
    it's been \on my mind ich muss immer daran denken;
    she had something \on her heart sie hatte etwas auf dem Herzen;
    that lie has been \on his conscience er hatte wegen dieser Lüge ein schlechtes Gewissen
    26) ( sustained by) mit +dat, von +dat;
    does this radio run \on batteries? läuft dieses Radio mit Batterien?;
    what do mice live \on? wovon leben Mäuse?;
    he lived \on berries and roots er lebte von Beeren und Wurzeln;
    I've only got £50 a week to live \on ich lebe von nur 50 Pfund pro Woche;
    people \on average salaries Menschen mit Durchschnittseinkommen;
    they are living \on their savings sie leben von ihren Ersparnissen;
    to live \on welfare von Sozialhilfe leben;
    to go \on the dole stempeln gehen;
    to be \on sth (Brit, Aus) etw verdienen
    to go \on strike streiken;
    to set sth \on fire etw anzünden;
    crime is \on the increase again die Verbrechen nehmen wieder zu;
    to be \on sth ( undertake) etw machen;
    I'll be away \on a training course ich mache einen Ausbildungslehrgang;
    he's out \on a date with a woman er hat gerade eine Verabredung mit einer Frau;
    we're going \on vacation in two weeks wir gehen in zwei Wochen in Urlaub;
    I was \on a long journey ich habe eine lange Reise gemacht;
    to be \on the go ( Brit) ( fig) auf Trab sein;
    did you know that she's got a new book \on the go? hast du gewusst, dass sie gerade ein neues Buch schreibt?
    I can't improve \on my final offer dieses Angebot ist mein letztes Wort;
    the productivity figures are down \on last week's die Produktivitätszahlen sind dieselben wie letzte Woche;
    to have nothing [or not have anything] \on sth kein Vergleich mit etw dat sein;
    my new bike has nothing \on the one that was stolen mein neues Fahrrad ist bei weitem nicht so gut wie das, das mir gestohlen wurde
    to frown \on sth etw missbilligen;
    they settled \on a price sie einigten sich auf einen Preis;
    to congratulate sb \on sth jdn zu etw dat gratulieren;
    he cheated \on her twice er betrog sie zweimal after adj
    she was bent \on getting the job sie war entschlossen, die Stelle zu bekommen;
    don't be so hard \on him! sei nicht so streng mit ihm! after n
    criticism has no effect \on him Kritik kann ihm nichts anhaben
    30) after vb ( as payment for) für +akk;
    I've wasted a lot of money \on this car ich habe für dieses Auto eine Menge Geld ausgegeben after n
    we made a big profit \on that deal wir haben bei diesem Geschäft gut verdient;
    how much interest are you paying \on the loan? wie viel Zinsen zahlst du für diesen Kredit?
    this is \on your shoulders das liegt in deiner Hand, die Verantwortung liegt bei dir;
    the future of the company is \on your shoulders du hast die Verantwortung für die Zukunft der Firma
    \on sb ohne jds Verschulden;
    she was really worried when the phone went dead \on her sie machte sich richtig Sorgen, als das Telefon ausfiel, ohne dass sie etwas getan hatte;
    the fire went out \on me das Feuer ging ohne ihr Zutun aus
    to stumble \on sth über etw akk stolpern;
    to chance \on sb jdn [zufällig] treffen, jdm [zufällig] begegnen
    the government suffered defeat \on defeat die Regierung erlitt eine Niederlage nach der anderen;
    wave \on wave of refugees has crossed the border in Wellen überquerten die Flüchtlinge die Grenze
    35) (Aus, Brit) sports ( having points of)
    Clive's team is \on five points while Joan's is \on seven das Team von Clive hat fünf Punkte, das von Joan hat sieben
    PHRASES:
    to have blood \on one's hands Blut an den Händen haben;
    \on the board in Planung;
    to be \on sb's case [to do sth] (Am) jdn nerven [, damit er/sie etw tut] ( fam)
    \on the fly schnell;
    to be out \on a limb alleine dastehen;
    \on the shelf auf der langen Bank ( fig)
    we've had to put that project \on the shelf wir mussten das Projekt auf die lange Bank schieben ( fig)
    \on side loyal;
    to have time \on one's hands noch genug Zeit haben;
    \on a whim spontan, aus einer Laune heraus;
    to border \on sth an etw akk grenzen;
    to be \on it ( Aus) ( fam) sich akk volllaufen lassen ( fam), sich dat die Kanne geben;
    what are you \on? ( fam) bist du noch ganz dicht? ( fam) adv
    1) ( in contact with) auf;
    make sure the top's \on properly pass auf, dass der Deckel richtig zu ist;
    they sewed the man's ear back \on sie haben das Ohr des Mannes wieder angenäht;
    to screw sth \on etw anschrauben;
    I wish you wouldn't screw the lid \on so tightly schraube den Deckel bitte nicht immer so fest
    2) ( on body) an;
    put a jumper \on! zieh einen Pullover drüber!;
    with nothing \on nackt;
    to put clothes \on Kleider anziehen;
    to have/try sth \on etw anhaben/anprobieren
    to get \on with sth mit etw dat weitermachen;
    to keep \on doing sth etw weitermachen;
    if the phone's engaged, keep \on trying! wenn besetzt ist, probier es weiter!;
    \on and \on immer weiter;
    the noise just went \on and \on der Lärm hörte gar nicht mehr auf;
    we talked \on and \on wir redeten pausenlos
    4) ( in forward direction) vorwärts;
    would you pass it \on to Paul? würdest du es an Paul weitergeben?;
    time's getting \on die Zeit vergeht;
    from that day \on von diesem Tag an;
    they never spoke to each other from that day \on seit diesem Tag haben sie kein Wort mehr miteinander gewechselt;
    later \on später;
    what are you doing later \on? was hast du nachher vor?;
    to move \on ( move forward) weitergehen;
    to urge sb \on jdn anspornen;
    I'd never have managed this if my friend hadn't urged me \on ich hätte das nie geschafft, wenn mein Freund mich nicht dazu gedrängt hätte
    to be \on auf dem Programm stehen;
    are there any good films \on at the cinema this week? laufen in dieser Woche irgendwelche guten Filme im Kino?;
    what's \on at the festival? was ist für das Festival geplant?;
    there's a good film \on this afternoon heute Nachmittag kommt ein guter Film
    6) ( scheduled) geplant;
    is the party still \on for tomorrow? ist die Party noch für morgen geplant?;
    I've got nothing \on next week ich habe nächste Woche nichts vor;
    I've got a lot \on this week ich habe mir für diese Woche eine Menge vorgenommen
    7) ( functioning) an;
    the brakes are \on die Bremsen sind angezogen;
    is the central heating \on? ist die Zentralheizung an?;
    to put the kettle \on das Wasser aufsetzen;
    to leave the light \on das Licht anlassen;
    the \on switch der Einschalter;
    to switch/turn sth \on etw einschalten;
    could you switch \on the radio? könntest du das Radio anmachen?
    8) ( aboard)
    the horse galloped off as soon as she was \on das Pferd galoppierte davon, sobald sie darauf saß;
    to get \on bus, train einsteigen; horse aufsitzen
    you're \on! du bist dran!
    to be \on Dienst haben, im Dienst sein
    to be \on gut drauf sein ( fam)
    PHRASES:
    head \on frontal;
    side \on (Aus, Brit) seitlich;
    the bike hit our car side \on das Rad prallte von der Seite auf unser Auto;
    this way \on (Aus, Brit) auf diese Weise;
    it might fit better if you put it this way \on es passt vielleicht besser, wenn du es so anziehst;
    to be well \on in years nicht mehr der Jüngste sein;
    to be not \on (Brit, Aus) ( fam) nicht in Ordnung sein;
    \on and off;
    off and \on hin und wieder, ab und zu;
    sideways \on (Aus, Brit) seitlich;
    to be well \on spät sein;
    to be \on (Am) aufpassen;
    to hang \on warten;
    to be \on about sth (Aus, Brit) dauernd über etw akk reden;
    I never understand what she's \on about ich verstehe nicht, wovon sie es dauernd hat ( fam)
    to be [or get] \on at sb jdm in den Ohren liegen;
    she's still \on at me to get my hair cut sie drängt mich dauernd, mir die Haare schneiden zu lassen;
    to be \on to sb ( fam) jds Absichten durchschauen;
    to be \on to something ( fam) etw spitz gekriegt haben ( fam)
    you're \on! einverstanden!, abgemacht! ( fam) adj
    inv, attr (Am) ( good) gut;
    this seems to be one of her \on days es scheint einer von ihren guten Tagen zu sein

    English-German students dictionary > on

  • 11 put forth

    put forth а) obs. пускать (побеги); The bush put forth new branches. б) вы-тягивать, протягивать; The soldier put forth his hand, asking for mercy. в)напрягать (силы); прилагать усилия; Putting forth a great effort, he uprootedthe tree. г) amer. предлагать; The heads of government have put forth a systemfor preventing world war. д) obs.; poet. отправляться, пускаться ( в плавание, в путь); And when the storm had passed, three ships put forth to cross theocean. е) obs. пускать в обращение; выпускать, издавать; The printers putforth three numbers of the magazine.

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > put forth

  • 12 unirse

    * * *
    VPR
    1) (=cooperar) [para proyectos importantes] to join together, come together, unite; [en problemas puntuales] to join forces

    los sindicatos se han unido en la lucha contra el paro — the trade unions have joined together o come together o united in the fight against unemployment

    si nos unimos todos, seremos más fuertes — if we all join together o come together o unite, we will be stronger

    2) (=formar una unidad) [empresas, instituciones] to merge

    • unirse en matrimonio — to be joined in matrimony frm, marry

    3)

    • unirse a —

    a) [+ movimiento, organización, expedición] to join
    b) [problemas, características, estilos]
    c) [+ propuesta, iniciativa] to support
    4)

    • unirse con — to join together with, combine with

    se unieron con los demócratas para formar una coalición — they joined together o combined with the democrats to form a coalition

    5) [líneas, caminos] to meet
    * * *
    (v.) = come together, partner, bond, stand up as + one
    Ex. A co-operative group may come together to generate a union catalogue.
    Ex. The article 'Let's partner as patriots' maintains that in recent years some people have begun to view the public library as an anachronism.
    Ex. This encourages students to quickly bond with each other at the beginning of the program.
    Ex. The really good news is that we can stand up as one and that all we have to do is make a noise about it.
    * * *
    (v.) = come together, partner, bond, stand up as + one

    Ex: A co-operative group may come together to generate a union catalogue.

    Ex: The article 'Let's partner as patriots' maintains that in recent years some people have begun to view the public library as an anachronism.
    Ex: This encourages students to quickly bond with each other at the beginning of the program.
    Ex: The really good news is that we can stand up as one and that all we have to do is make a noise about it.

    * * *

    ■unirse verbo reflexivo
    1 (para defender un derecho, causa, etc) to join forces: se unió a los partisanos, she joined the partisans
    2 (juntarse) to join: a la situación de guerra se unió la carestía, the war situation was aggravated by shortages
    ' unirse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    juntarse
    - sumarse
    - adherir
    - empatar
    - integrar
    - plegar
    - unir
    English:
    connect
    - join
    - merge
    - unite
    - band
    - combine
    - force
    - get
    - rally
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [juntarse] [personas, empresas, grupos] to join together;
    [factores, circunstancias] to come together;
    se unieron para derrocar al gobierno they joined together o joined forces to bring down the government;
    en él se unen rapidez y habilidad he combines speed with skill;
    a la falta de interés se unió el mal tiempo the lack of interest was compounded by the bad weather;
    unirse a algo/alguien to join sth/sb;
    también ellos se han unido a la huelga they too have joined the strike;
    ¡únete a la fiesta! join in the party!;
    unirse en matrimonio [casarse] to be joined in wedlock o matrimony
    2. [encontrarse] [líneas, caminos] to meet
    * * *
    v/r join together;
    unirse a join
    * * *
    vr
    1) : to join together
    2) : to combine, to mix together
    3)
    unirse a : to join
    se unieron al grupo: they joined the group
    * * *
    unirse vb to join

    Spanish-English dictionary > unirse

  • 13 point

    point [pɔɪnt]
    pointe ⇒ 1 (a) point ⇒ 1 (b), 1 (c), 1 (e), 1 (f),1(i)-(l), 1 (n), 1 (o) endroit ⇒ 1 (c) moment ⇒ 1 (d) essentiel ⇒ 1 (g) but ⇒ 1 (h) virgule ⇒ 1 (m) diriger ⇒ 2 (a) pointer ⇒ 2 (a) indiquer ⇒ 2 (b) montrer du doigt ⇒ 3 (a)
    1 noun
    (a) (tip → of sword, nail, pencil etc) pointe f;
    ∎ trim one end of the stick into a point taillez un des bouts de la branche en pointe;
    ∎ his beard ended in a neat point sa barbe était soigneusement taillée en pointe;
    ∎ draw a star with five points dessinez une étoile à cinq branches;
    ∎ a dog with white points un chien aux pattes et aux oreilles blanches;
    ∎ an eight-point stag un cerf huit cors;
    ∎ to dance on points faire des pointes;
    ∎ on (full) point (ballet dancer) sur la pointe;
    ∎ on demi-point (ballet dancer) sur la demi-pointe;
    ∎ not to put too fine a point on it… pour dire les choses clairement…
    (b) (small dot) point m;
    ∎ a tiny point of light un minuscule point de lumière
    (c) (specific place) point m, endroit m, lieu m;
    ∎ intersection point point m d'intersection;
    ∎ meeting point (sign) point rencontre;
    ∎ the runners have passed the halfway point les coureurs ont dépassé la mi-parcours;
    ∎ we're back to our point of departure or our starting point nous sommes revenus au ou à notre point de départ;
    ∎ the point where the accident occurred l'endroit où l'accident a eu lieu;
    ∎ at that point you'll see a church on the left à ce moment-là, vous verrez une église sur votre gauche;
    ∎ the terrorists claim they can strike at any point in the country les terroristes prétendent qu'ils peuvent frapper n'importe où dans le pays;
    ∎ the bus service to Dayton and points west le service de bus à destination de Dayton et des villes situées plus à l'ouest;
    ∎ points south of here get little rainfall les régions situées au sud d'ici n'ont pas une grande pluviosité
    ∎ the country is at a critical point in its development le pays traverse une période ou phase critique de son développement;
    ∎ we are at a critical point nous voici à un point critique;
    ∎ there comes a point when a decision has to be made il arrive un moment où il faut prendre une décision;
    ∎ when it comes to the point of actually doing it quand vient le moment de passer à l'acte;
    ∎ when it came to the point quand le moment critique est arrivé;
    ∎ at one point in the discussion à un moment de la discussion;
    ∎ at one point in my travels au cours de mes voyages;
    ∎ at one point, I thought the roof was going to cave in à un moment (donné), j'ai cru que le toit allait s'effondrer;
    ∎ at one point in the book à un moment donné dans le livre;
    ∎ at this point the phone rang c'est alors que le téléphone a sonné, à ce moment-là le téléphone a sonné;
    ∎ at that point, I was still undecided à ce moment-là, je n'avais pas encore pris de décision;
    ∎ at that point in China's history à ce moment précis de l'histoire de la Chine;
    ∎ it's too late by this point il est déjà trop tard à l'heure qu'il est;
    ∎ by that point, I was too tired to move j'étais alors tellement fatigué que je ne pouvais plus bouger
    ∎ she had reached the point of wanting a divorce elle en était (arrivée) au point de vouloir divorcer;
    ∎ thank God we haven't reached that point! Dieu merci, nous n'en sommes pas (encore arrivés) là!;
    ∎ to reach the point of no return atteindre le point de non-retour;
    ∎ to be at the point of death être sur le point de mourir;
    ∎ the conflict has gone beyond the point where negotiations are possible le conflit a atteint le stade où toute négociation est impossible;
    ∎ the regime is on the point of collapse le régime est au bord de l'effondrement;
    ∎ I was on the point of admitting everything j'étais sur le point de tout avouer;
    ∎ she had worked to the point of exhaustion elle avait travaillé jusqu'à l'épuisement;
    ∎ he was jealous to the point of madness sa jalousie confinait à la folie;
    ∎ he stuffed himself to the point of being sick il s'est gavé à en être malade
    ∎ a seven-point memorandum un mémorandum en sept points;
    ∎ let's go on to the next point passons à la question suivante ou au point suivant;
    ∎ on this point we disagree sur ce point nous ne sommes pas d'accord;
    ∎ I want to emphasize this point je voudrais insister sur ce point;
    ∎ are there any points I haven't covered? y a-t-il des questions que je n'ai pas abordées?;
    ∎ to make or to raise a point faire une remarque;
    ∎ to make the point that… faire remarquer que… + indicative;
    ∎ my point or the point I'm making is that… là où je veux en venir c'est que…;
    ∎ all right, you've made your point! d'accord, on a compris!;
    ∎ the points raised in her article les points qu'elle soulève dans son article;
    ∎ the main points to keep in mind les principaux points à garder à l'esprit;
    ∎ let me illustrate my point laissez-moi illustrer mon propos;
    ∎ to prove his point he showed us a photo pour prouver ses affirmations, il nous a montré une photo;
    ∎ I see or take your point je vois ce que vous voulez dire ou où vous voulez en venir;
    ∎ point taken! c'est juste!;
    ∎ he may not be home - you've got a point there! il n'est peut-être pas chez lui - ça c'est vrai!;
    ∎ the fact that he went to the police is a point in his favour/a point against him le fait qu'il soit allé à la police est un bon/mauvais point pour lui;
    ∎ I corrected her on a point of grammar je l'ai corrigée sur un point de grammaire;
    ∎ she was disqualified on a technical point elle a été disqualifiée pour ou sur une faute technique;
    ∎ to make a point of doing sth tenir à faire qch;
    ∎ he made a point of speaking to her il a tenu à lui adresser la parole;
    ∎ kindly make a point of remembering next time faites-moi le plaisir de ne pas oublier la prochaine fois
    (g) (essential part, heart → of argument, explanation) essentiel m; (conclusion → of joke) chute f;
    ∎ I get the point je comprends, je vois;
    ∎ the point is (that) we're overloaded with work le fait est que nous sommes débordés de travail;
    ∎ we're getting off or away from the point nous nous éloignons ou écartons du sujet;
    ∎ that's the (whole) point! (that's the problem) c'est là (tout) le problème!; (that's the aim) c'est ça, le but!;
    ∎ that's not the point! là n'est pas la question!;
    ∎ the money is/your feelings are beside the point l'argent n'a/vos sentiments n'ont rien à voir là-dedans;
    ∎ get or come to the point! dites ce que vous avez à dire!, ne tournez pas autour du pot!;
    ∎ to keep to the point ne pas s'écarter du sujet
    (h) (purpose) but m; (meaning, use) sens m, intérêt m;
    ∎ the point of the game is to get rid of all your cards le but du jeu est de se débarrasser de toutes ses cartes;
    ∎ there's no point in asking him now ça ne sert à rien ou ce n'est pas la peine de le lui demander maintenant;
    ∎ what's the point of all this? à quoi ça sert tout ça?;
    ∎ I don't see the point (of re-doing it) je ne vois pas l'intérêt (de le refaire);
    ∎ oh, what's the point anyway! oh, et puis à quoi bon, après tout!
    (i) (feature, characteristic) point m;
    ∎ the boss has his good points le patron a ses bons côtés;
    ∎ it's my weak/strong point c'est mon point faible/fort;
    ∎ her strong point is her sense of humour son point fort, c'est son sens de l'humour;
    ∎ tact has never been one of your strong points la délicatesse n'a jamais été ton fort
    (j) (unit → in scoring, measuring) point m; Marketing (→ on customer loyalty card) point m;
    ∎ the Dow Jones index is up/down two points l'indice Dow Jones a augmenté/baissé de deux points;
    ∎ who scored the winning point? qui a marqué le point gagnant?;
    ∎ an ace is worth 4 points un as vaut 4 points;
    ∎ to win/to lead on points (in boxing) gagner/mener aux points;
    ∎ American familiar to make points with sb (find favour with) faire bonne impression à qn□ ;
    ∎ School merit points bons points mpl;
    ∎ points competition (in cycling) classement m par points
    (k) (on compass) point m;
    ∎ the four points of the compass les quatre points mpl cardinaux;
    ∎ the 32 points of the compass les 32 points mpl de la rose des vents;
    ∎ to alter course 16 points venir de 16 quarts;
    ∎ our people were scattered to all points of the compass notre peuple s'est retrouvé éparpillé aux quatre coins du monde
    (l) Geometry point m;
    ∎ a straight line between two points une droite reliant deux points
    (m) (in decimals) virgule f;
    ∎ five point one cinq virgule un
    ∎ three or ellipsis points points mpl de suspension
    ∎ 6-point type caractères mpl de 6 points
    (p) Geography (promontory) pointe f, promontoire m
    (q) Cars vis f platinée
    ∎ (power) point prise f (de courant);
    ∎ eight-point distributor (in engine) distributeur m (d'allumage) à huit plots
    ∎ points aiguillage m
    (t) (on backgammon board) flèche f, pointe f
    (u) Heraldry point m
    (a) (direct, aim → vehicle) diriger; (→ flashlight, hose) pointer, braquer; (→ finger) pointer, tendre; (→ telescope) diriger, braquer;
    ∎ to point one's finger at sb/sth montrer qn/qch du doigt;
    ∎ he pointed his finger accusingly at Gus il pointa un doigt accusateur vers Gus, il montra ou désigna Gus d'un doigt accusateur;
    ∎ to point a gun at sb braquer une arme sur qn;
    ∎ he pointed the rifle/the camera at me il braqua le fusil/l'appareil photo sur moi;
    ∎ she pointed the truck towards the garage elle tourna le camion vers le garage;
    ∎ he pointed the boat out to sea il a mis le cap vers le large;
    ∎ if anybody shows up, just point them in my direction si quelqu'un arrive, tu n'as qu'à me l'envoyer;
    ∎ just point me in the right direction dites-moi simplement quelle direction je dois prendre;
    ∎ just point him to the nearest bar tu n'as qu'à lui indiquer le chemin du bar le plus proche
    ∎ to point the way indiquer la direction ou le chemin; figurative montrer le chemin, indiquer la direction à suivre;
    ∎ he pointed the way to future success il a montré le chemin de la réussite;
    ∎ her research points the way to a better understanding of the phenomenon ses recherches vont permettre une meilleure compréhension du phénomène;
    ∎ they point the way (in) which reform must go ils indiquent la direction dans laquelle les réformes doivent aller
    ∎ to point one's toes tendre le pied
    (d) Building industry (wall, building) jointoyer
    (e) (sharpen → stick, pencil) tailler
    (f) Linguistics mettre des signes diacritiques à
    ∎ to point at or to or towards sth montrer qch du doigt;
    ∎ she pointed left elle fit un signe vers la gauche;
    ∎ he pointed back down the corridor il fit un signe vers le fond du couloir;
    ∎ he pointed at or to me with his pencil il pointa son crayon vers moi;
    ∎ he was pointing at me son doigt était pointé vers moi;
    ∎ it's rude to point ce n'est pas poli de montrer du doigt
    (b) (road sign, needle on dial)
    ∎ the signpost points up the hill le panneau est tourné vers le haut de la colline;
    ∎ a compass needle always points north l'aiguille d'une boussole indique toujours le nord;
    ∎ the weather vane is pointing north la girouette est orientée au nord;
    ∎ when the big hand points to twelve quand la grande aiguille est sur le douze
    (c) (be directed, face → gun, camera) être braqué; (→ vehicle) être dirigé, être tourné;
    ∎ hold the gun with the barrel pointing downwards tenez le canon de l'arme pointé vers le bas;
    ∎ the rifle/the camera was pointing straight at me la carabine/la caméra était braquée sur moi;
    ∎ point your flashlight over there éclaire là-bas;
    ∎ insert the disk with the arrow pointing right insérez la disquette, la flèche pointée ou pointant vers la droite;
    ∎ the aerial should be pointing in the direction of the transmitter l'antenne devrait être tournée dans la direction de ou tournée vers l'émetteur;
    ∎ he walks with his feet pointing outwards il marche les pieds en dehors
    (d) (dog) tomber en arrêt
    pour l'instant;
    ∎ no more details are available at this point in time pour l'instant, nous ne disposons pas d'autres détails
    en fait, à vrai dire
    pertinent
    jusqu'à un certain point;
    ∎ did the strategy succeed? - up to a point est-ce que la stratégie a réussi? - dans une certaine mesure;
    ∎ productivity can be increased up to a point la productivité peut être augmentée jusqu'à un certain point;
    ∎ she can be persuaded, but only up to a point il est possible de la convaincre, mais seulement jusqu'à un certain point
    ►► Marketing point of delivery lieu m de livraison;
    British point duty (of police officer, traffic warden) service m de la circulation;
    ∎ to be on point duty diriger la circulation;
    point guard (in basketball) meneur(euse) m,f;
    point of intersection point m d'intersection;
    British Railways point lever levier m d'aiguille;
    point of order point m de procédure;
    ∎ he rose on a point of order il a demandé la parole pour soulever un point de procédure;
    American point man (in the forefront) précurseur m;
    Computing point of presence point m de présence, point m d'accès;
    Marketing point of purchase lieu m d'achat, lieu m de vente;
    point of reference point m de référence;
    Marketing point of sale lieu m de vente, point m de vente;
    ∎ at the point of sale sur le lieu de vente;
    point shoes (for ballet) (chaussons mpl à) pointes fpl;
    Typography & Computing point size corps m;
    point source source f ponctuelle;
    point of view Television & Cinema angle m du regard; (opinion) point m de vue, opinion f;
    ∎ from my point of view, it doesn't make much difference en ce qui me concerne, ça ne change pas grand-chose;
    ∎ to consider sth from all points of view considérer qch sous tous ses aspects;
    Mathematics (decimals) séparer par une virgule
    (a) (indicate) indiquer, montrer;
    ∎ I'll point the church out to you as we go by je vous montrerai ou vous indiquerai l'église quand nous passerons devant
    (b) (mention, call attention to → error) signaler; (→ fact) faire remarquer;
    ∎ she pointed out several mistakes to us elle nous a signalé plusieurs erreurs, elle a attiré notre attention sur plusieurs erreurs;
    ∎ I'd like to point out that it was my idea in the first place je vous ferai remarquer que l'idée est de moi;
    ∎ might I point out that…? permettez-moi de vous faire observer ou remarquer que…;
    ∎ he pointed out that two people were missing il fit remarquer qu'il manquait deux personnes
    (a) (signify, denote) signifier, indiquer; (foreshadow) indiquer, annoncer;
    ∎ the facts point to only one conclusion les faits ne permettent qu'une seule conclusion;
    ∎ all the evidence points to him toutes les preuves indiquent que c'est lui;
    ∎ everything points to CIA involvement tout indique que la CIA est impliquée
    (b) (call attention to) attirer l'attention sur;
    ∎ ecologists point to the destruction of forest land les écologistes attirent notre attention sur la destruction des forêts;
    ∎ they proudly point to the government's record ils invoquent avec fierté le bilan du gouvernement
    (of person, report) souligner, mettre l'accent sur; (of event) faire ressortir;
    ∎ his account points up the irony of the defeat son exposé met l'accent sur l'ironie de la défaite;
    ∎ the accident points up the need for closer cooperation l'accident fait ressortir le besoin d'une coopération plus étroite

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > point

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